CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Adolescence Pregnancy is one of the issue and concern worldwide ad has a high rate then
slowly risen to the greater rater in the world bearing children at young ages may cause health
problems as woman (girl) to enter motherhood. They are too young and not matured enough in
bearing a child and so young mother commonly suffer from a complicated situation in childbirth.

Early pregnancy is undeniable, there’s a lot of factors affecting the youth to bear a child
at young age the factors that my turn to early marriage usually turn out to early pregnancy. Lack
of parental guidance is main cause factor of early pregnancy because same parents didn’t takes
time to their children in talking/discussing premarital sex. Peer pressure is one of the major
reason why some young girls and boys in sexual activities from which they were influence.

Probably, lack of knowledge about pre-marital sex from which adolescents are not aware
of the social economic factors or the status in life also influence the youth in entering to early
marriage especially those who belongs to poor families suffering from unwanted pregnancy.
Viewing pornographically ideas, influence of social media may also factors which lead to early
pregnancy. These are only few factors which can leads to early motherhood and I unwanted
pregnancy.

Background of the Study

This study is about the factors affecting early pregnancy which concerned as one of the
biggest issue worldwide. According to the 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) fact sheet
on Adolescent pregnancy it is estimated that 16 million adolescent girl give birth every year.1
Adolescence is define as the development phase in the human cycle that is situated between
childhood and adulthood (Gouws, Kruger L. Burger, 2008). Adolescence is characterized by
rapid physical growth and development, with notable emotional and social changes (Gouws et –
al, 2008). A great challenge in this stage of development in the new feelings emerge. Friends
assume greater importance and interest in the opposite sex increases. According to Erikson’s
theory of psychosocial development adolescence from 12 unwards may face a psychosocial crisis
known as identity versus role confusion that may be experienced in adolescent pregnancy2
adolescents perceive pregnancy as something which is unintended. Pregnancy is often associated
with individual characteristics such as knowledge, maturity, skill, and age. At first intercourse

1. http:// olx.doi.org(10.1016/j.jans.2015.01.001URL: http//www/unisa.al.zalegs (H.muller)

2. Shaffer 8.kipr.2007: sfan hope, Lancaster,Jessup,falcioni,4.Virerais – Dresler, 2008)
misconception about sex and contraception’s are still evident in the most teenagers3 statement of
the problem.

Adolescent Pregnancy of early - Pregnancy is one of the major Factor why the
poputation slowly increased. This study aimed to determine the factors why many teenagers
because Pregnant in early teenage – pregnancy Is concern worldwide and has a high rate in the
world.

Most adolescent lack information on sexuality and contraception as most of the eduacion
that is presented on this matter is limited.4

Unwanted early pregnancies are likely to impact more upon females that males causing life –
long problems such as poverty, limited employment and education and even physical or
developmental problem for mother and their children Kan and London (1881) make the ease that
when young females give birth to children out of wedlock, they are not only more likely than
other, married females to have children with health problems. This study focuses on the question:

1. What are the factors affecting early pregnancy and;

2. What are the causes of unwanted pregnancy.

Objectives of the Study

This study generally aims to find out the factors affecting early pregnancy in the locality
of Brgy. cabatuan, Palapag, Northern Samar.

Specifically; it aims to aims to answer the following problems of the study:

1. To determine the factors affecting early pregnancy among the women in Brgy. Cabatuan,
Palapag, Northern Samar.
2. To identity the causes of unwanted pregnancy.

3. Rider and miambo, 2005:ziyare and enters,2006

1. Arai 2003, Bankole, Ahmed, Quendraogo, and kanyani 2007.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The Scope of this focuses study at Brgy. Cabatuan, Palapag, Northern Samar which
includes Purok 1 to 7, and was limited to the womens ages 13 to 19 experiencing early
pregnancy within the barangay.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted to identify the factors affecting early pregnancy. The
significance of this aims find out on how to prevent this factors to minimize the rate of early
pregnancy, seek answers on how early pregnancy affects the population of the community, and
impose awareness about early marriage and unwanted pregnancy.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

The initial influence of behaviorism on psychology was minimize the introspective study
of the mental processes, emotions, and fillings and to substitute the study of the objective
behavior of individuals. In relation to their environment by means of experimental methods. This
orientation suggested a way to relate human and animal research and to bring psychological into
line with the natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, and biology.
Present – day behaviorism has extended its influence on psychology in three ways. It has
replaced the mechanical concept of stimli and responses with a functional concept that
emphasizes the meaningfulness of stimulation conditions to the individual. It has introduced a
research method for the experimental study of a single individual. Finally it has demonstrated the
behavioral concepts and principles can be applied to many practical problems.
According to “Humanistic Psychology: The Third force” faced with a choice between
psychoanalysis and behaviorism, many psychologist in the 1950’s sensed avoid in psycology’s
conception of human nature. Frend had drawn attention to the darker forces of the unconscious,
and skinner was interested only in the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior.
Humanistic psychology was born out of a desire to understand the conscious mind, free will,
human dignity, a the capacity for self – reflection and growth. An alternative to psychoanalysis
and behaviorism humanistic became known as “the third force.”

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptualization of this study states that the factors affecting early pregnancy of the
respondent in terms okf sexual harassment, curiosity, peer pressure, lack of parental guidance,
early dating or early relationship, had a connection to their daily life which resulted to early
pregnancy, further, it is assumed that there was a significance relationship between the factors
affecting early pregnancy of the respondent.

PARADIGM

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Sexual harassment
 Curiosity
Early Pregnancy
 Lack of parental guidance
 Early dating or early
relationship

HYPOTHESIS

There is a significant relationship between the factors affecting early pregnancy of the
respondents in terms of sexual harassment, peer pressure, curiosity, lack of parental guidance
early dating or early relationship and their daily life, which resulted to early pregnancy.

Definition of terms:

Sexual harassment

 Conceptually, this refers to uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical behavior of a

sexual nature especially by a person in authority toward a subordinate.
 Operationally, refers to the form of sex discrimination that violates title VII of the civil
rights act of 1964.

Curiosity

 Conceptually, this refers to the desire to learn or to know more about something or
someone.
 Operationally, refers to the strong desire to know or learn something about sex.

Peer Pressure

 Conceptually, this refers to a controlling factor to keep a group within an accepted code
of behavior.
 Operationally, refers to the young girls and boys indulge in sexual activities that Peer
encourage to do it.
Lack of Parental Guidance

 Conceptually, this refers to parents avoiding their children lifes.

 Operationally refers to the parents avoid there children from talking about sex.

Early Dating or Early Pregnancy

 Conceptually,
 Operationally, refers Pregnancy can be referred to as a Process whereby a female caries
alive offspring from the time of conception to childbirth.

Pregnancy

 Conceptually, refers also known as Gesiation, is the time during which one or more
offspring develops inside a woman.
 Operationally, refers pregnancy can be referred to as a process whereby a female carries
alive offspring from the time of conception to childbirth.

Adolescent

 Conceptually, this refers to the process of developing from a child into an adult.
 Operationally, refers adolescent is a period of transition between childhood and
adulthood. It commences with physical changes at puberty. It terminates with assumption
of adult roles and responsibilities, (eg. Economic, social, Political, legal, and sexual
independence.)
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

While Wellings, e5 al (2005) argue that the data they examine suggested that premarital
sex is more common in develop countries than in developing countries and is more likely in men
that in women, they also found that having had two or more sex partners in the previous year is
increasingly common trough out the world and that having a child before marriage is also
becoming more and more common. Thus premarital sex is problematic in that it fosters increased
likelihood of an early, unwanted pregnancy and all the ill effects likely to follows.
Unwanted early pregnancies are likely to impact more upon than males, causing life-long
problems such as poverty, limited employment and education, and even physical or
developmental problems for mother and their children. Kahn and London (1881) make the case
that when young females give birth to children out of wedlock, they are not only more likely than
older, married females to have children with health problems. They are also more likely to
unable to achieve academically to the degree desirable, or to move forward in a career or work
role due to family responsibilities. They are likely to be poor and to be unable to provide
adequately for their children. There, early pregnancies due to premarital sexual activity are
associated with multiple negative consequences for mothers and their offspring.

Related Literature Review

A literature Review : Kathleen E. Keogh while racial disparities in seen pregnancy

persist, scholars disagree about whether race causes there so-ciocultural factors of teenage
pregnancy in Latino communities. The second chapter cover the literature review relevant to the
topic of the study and limitations of study and scope of the study and methodology conclusion
and recommendations if any hypothesis. Chapter four presents the analysis of both the primary
data and the information received. This could be hard to believe and difficult to express.
Sometimes. Lack of financial support is also considered as one of the cuses of teenage pregnancy
because the social economic backgrounds of the parents are believed to have significance impact
on the teenager’s ability to meet their basic needs. A well written literature review is crucial as
this effectively evaluates what has been written in your paper, recognize areas that might prove
controversial and raises questions that on parts of your research that might need further research
that might need further research. Make sure that you allocate time to also proofread and revise
your literature review on causes of teenage pregnancy. The literature review suggests the direct
relationship between poverty and adolescent pregnancy with the implication of poor school
attendance and low academic achievement. In a case study strangulating the environment,
mother and child or children, Rahimzamed (2002) argued poverty leads to “family instability,

A review of relevant Literature About Teen Pregnancy (1969 December 31) in lotsofEssays.com.Retrieved 07:00,
March 11, 2017, from 1489233652119-4e17f76e74d7cdade296144ee 81a5eb9.html
dependency on welfare, crime, abandoned housing as well as decreased educational
performance.” Learning Disability Quarterly, 19-99 – 116 Rosen, R. (1997). Poverty is a cause
of teenage pregnancy on the other hand, he also stated some of the causes of teenage pregnancy
such as lack of parental guidance adolescent sexual behavior inadequate knowledge about safe
sex, exploitation by older then and socio-economic factors.

The Rise of Teen Pregnancies: A Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT

Every year about 750,000 girls will get pregnant in the United states and as a result of
this we are seeing a steadily increase on teen pregnancy (Pregnant Teen Help, 2005). In this
generation having sex young can be considered “ok” but consequences come from those actions.
This literature review examines the cause of the increase of teen pregnancies and solutions that is
able to reduce the number of teen pregnancies in the United States. This paper views different
perspectives on the issue of the distribution of condoms at public schools and comprehensive sex
education and whether there is any effectiveness from these two main solutions

INTRODUCTION

Over a decade the United states has seen an increase rise on teen pregnancy once again.
There have been many solutions out there in the open that can help reduce teen pregnancy but
some have failed to do so. Two man solution that may help reduce teen pregnancy are teaching
sex education and distributing condoms at public school. Although, these are few in the United
States who would disagree otherwise. As this heated debate continues to rise, this literature
review will answer the following question.

1. What is causing the increase on teen pregnancy?

2. What can schools do to help decrease teen pregnancy?
3. How effective is comprehensive sex education?
 Throughout this essay, both points of view of this issue will show the reasons teen
pregnancy. Is on the rise again and what we do to try to decrease the number of teen pregnancies
there are in America today.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the United States is steadily seeing an increasing rise on teen pregnancy
without any precaution being taken on this matter. With different perspectives on teen pregnancy
and how it should be dealt with, teens need to be informed about teen pregnancy and sex, schools
must act not in providing education on sex to high school students and distribute condoms to
delay the sexual activity at a young age. Teens may suffer in the future if the United states
continues to delay in dealing with the increase rise on teen pregnancies.
 CHAPTER 3: METHOLOGY

LOCALE

This study conducted within the Barangay of Cabatuan, which is known to be one of the
largest Barangay among the municipality of Palapag, Province of Northern Samar and is located
between the two baranays of two municipality. This barangay is located along the coast of the
pacific sea. It has 2,894 total number of population, 538 total number of household and 544 total
number if families. The Barangay is subdivided into seven purok. It two school, the Cabatuan
National Hiah School near the seasides and cabatuan National High School located along the
national high way.

RESPONDENTS

The respondents of this study focused more on women who became pregnant at the age
of 13 to 20 years old in Barangay Cabatuan, Palapag Northern Samar. The respondents are
students and out of school youth, employed or unemployed, and married or unmarried.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study need descriptive correlation research design Aquino defines descriptive
research as a fact – finding research with adequate interpretation, something more and beyond
data gathering. The true meaning of the data collected should be reported from the point of view
of the objectives and the basic assumption of the project under way. This follows logically after
careful classification of data. Facts obtained may be accurate expressions of central tendency, or
deviation, or of correlation; but the report 15 not research unless discussion of those data is not
carried up to the level of adequate interpretation. Data must be subjected to the thinking process
in terms of ordered reasoning.

This study used descriptive correlation research design for It gathered data and had a
survey questionnaire in gathering data from the respondents. Likewise, in order to determine and
to identify the factors affecting early pregnancy.
 Population and Sampling

The target population in this study comprised of women who became pregnant at the age
of 13-20, pregnant or not pregnant. Living within their respective houses during the conduct of
the study and willing to participate ill the study.

Non – probability sampling method was appropriate to select respondents became there
was only 59 women around the Barangay who became pregnant at the age of 13-20.
An accessible population comprises the respondents who were available on the dates the data
was collected.

Research Instrument

The instrument used to gather the data in this study was a survey questions. The
questionnaire use for this study was all about teenage pregnancy and was answered by the
respondents.

Research used questionnaires so that they call obtain information about thoughts,
feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality and behavioral intentions of research
participants. However, the study was conducted using the questionnaire the questionnaires had
closed questions. For the information needed, group interview was conducted.

Validation of Instrument

This study used questionnaire to gather data the questionnaire which deals on factors
affecting early pregnancy was pattered from the questionnaire of the research “study of the high
rate of teenage pregnancy in high schools in the Ilembe District by “Thandine Rose ukwangyang,
section A, B, and C of the questions.

Gathering Data Process

A structured questionnaire with close-ended questions was used to collect data. The
researchers visited conventionally selected houses and collected data consistently for a period of
7 days. The researchers went to each houses of the respondents and explains about the research
and convince them to participate the respondents who were available and willing to participate
were then gathered into a designated house where in data was collected through administering a
written questionnaire. More information about the study was provided and informed with
consent obtained. This was done during free time of the respondents to avoid. A desired sample
of respondents was obtained with a 100% response rate.
 VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASURES

 SEXUAL HARASSMENT – refers to the uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical

behavior of a sexual nature especially by a person in authority toward a sub-ordinate Cas
an employee or student).
 CURIOSITY – refers to the desire to learn or know more about something or someone.
 Lack of Parental Guidance – refers to the parent avoid their children from talking about
sex.
 Early dating or Early relationship – refers to involve in relationship in not appropriate
age.
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

All analysis presented in the paper was conducted with the statistical Analysis system.

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Demographics of participant are presented in table 1.0. most of the 59 participants were
from Cabatuan Palapag Northern Samar. Most years old (61.02%), at the age 19-20 (2..73%,
while 15.25% of the respondents became pregnant at the age 15-16 years old.

The table 1.1 shows that most of the respondents fathers occupation one farmers
(98.31%) and in the mothers occupation of the respondents one 69.49% are housewife.

In the table 1.2 show that majority that the fathers of the respondents are attended
primary school (55.93%). And in mothers educational attainment of the respondents 57.63%
attended some primary school.

In the table 1.3 show that most of the respondents have seven and above number of
siblings which is 59.32% .

The table 1.4 indicates that 71.19% of the respondents answered NO that they belong in
the culture where sex is not permitted before marriage while 28.18% of the respondents
answered YES.

The table 1.5 above illustrates that 49.15% of the respondents obtained most of their
information about sex in TELIVISION and most of the respondents working of their parents are
mother stays at home and father work 59.32% (as table 1.6 show).

TABLE 1.0
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
13-14 0 0
15-16 9 15.25%
17-18 36 61.02%
19-20 14 23.73%
TABLE 1.1
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
PARENTS OCCUPATION FATHER MOTHER FATHER MOTHER
PROFESSIONAL 1 161%
BUSINESS
FARMER 58 18 19.4% 80.51%
SKILLED WORKER
CLERICAL
FACTORY WORKER
HOMEMAKER/HOUSEWIFE 41 69.49%

TABLE 1.2 PARENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FATHER MOTHER FATHER MOTHER
Never been to school 10 3 16.95% 5.08%
Same primary school 1-
3 Grade 33 34 55.93% 57.63%
Finished
Elementary/Intermediate 11 16 18.64% 27.12%
Same Secondary
Education 3 4 5.08% 6.785
Completed Secondary
Education 2 2 3.39% 3.39%
University
Diploma/Degree

TABLE 1.3
Number of Siblings Frequency Percentage
Zero
One – Three 4 6.78%
Four – Six 20 33.89%
Seven - Above 35 59.39%
TABLE 1.4
Frequency Percentage
YES 17 28.81%
NO 42 71.19%

TABLE 1.5
Frequency Percentage
TELEVISION 29 49.15%
PARENT/GUIDANCE 19 32.20%
SCHOOL TEACHER 4 6.78%
PHYSICIAN 0 0
MAGAZINES 3 5.08%
RADIO 4 6.78%

TABLE 1.6
Frequency Percentage
Both Parents are working 22 37.28%
Mother stays at home and
father works 35 59.32%
Father stays at home and
motherworks 1 1.69%
Neither of your parents have
jobs 1 1.69%
SECTION B:

In respondents punitions regarding teenage pregnancy, most of them answers strongly

agree that finished high school is important. And it shows that they planned to became pregnant
while still on their teens. They were agree that incorrect use of contraceptives leads to pregnancy
but they said that having a baby is cool. One of the factors leads to pregnancy is the ignorance
regarding contraceptives as respondents answered. It believed that being teenage parent makes
one more popular the respondents are agree that filling pregnant wil make their boyfriend loves
the move and funding from a child support grant is a motivational to fall pregnant. As
respondents answered that liquor abuse leads to pregnancy and the side effect of contraceptives
is something to be afraid of the boyfriends promise of a marriage on conditions of a baby at first
motivate to fall pregnant and pregnancy is a way out of school if they are not interested in school
work. Curiosity regarding but they said that they are responsible enough to became parents and
they are able to care for their babies themselves.

SECTION C:

In the questions leading to reason for pregnancy, they answered that teenager fall
pregnant because they don’t know the problems of having baby while they are very young and
teenage pregnancy is very high under teenagers from poor economic background. Also they
answered that girls fall pregnant that some teenagers do not use contraceptives because they do
not know where to hide their parents and HIV/AIDS is the result of unprotected sex.