Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

LESSON 1: NERVOUS SYSTEM Parts of the CNS

NERVOUS SYSTEM A. BRAIN

- The nervous system receives and • comprised of billions of

Relays information about activities interconnected neurons and
within the body and monitors and glia
responds to Internal and External
Changes.

Functions of the 2 Halves of the Cerebrum

Neurons
- specialized cells that carry messages
throughout the nervous system
- It is the basic functioning unit of the
Nervous System

4 FUNCTIONS:

 Sensory Function - Gathers information

both from the outside world and from
inside the body.
 Transmits the information to the
processing area of the brain and spinal
cord.
 Integrative Function - Processes the
information to determine the best Division of the Brain
response
 Motor Function - Sends information to
muscles, glands, and organs so they can
respond correctly. Muscular contraction
or glandular secretions.

2 MAJOR DIVISIONS
1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- Relays messages, processes
information, and compares and 1. Forebrain
analyzes information  Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
- It consist of the brain and the spinal - Conscious thought processes,
cord intellectual functions
- Memory storage and
processing
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

- Conscious and Subconscious Functions of the Different Parts of the

regulation of skeletal muscle Brain
contraction.
 Diencephalon
Thalamus – relay and proce-
ssing centers for sensory
information.

Hypothalamus – Centers
controlling emotions, auto-
nomic functions, and horm-
one production.
2. Midbrain

 Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Lobes of the Brain
- Processing of Visual and
Auditory data.
- Generation of reflexive soma-
tic motor responses.
3. Hindbrain

 Metencephalon
(Cerebellum)
- Coordinates complex somatic
motor patterns
- Adjust output of other
somatic motor centers in the
brain and spinal cord. B. SPINAL CORD
(Pons)
- Relays sensory information to
cerebellum and thalamus
- Subconscious Somatic and
Visceral motor centers.
 Myelencephalon (Medulla
Oblongata)
- Relays sensory information to
thalamus
- Autonomic centers for
regulation of visceral func-
tions such as cardiovascular,
respiratory, etc.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPES OF NEURONS

- connects the central nervous system to 1. Sensory Neuron
the organs and other body parts
 Receptor
Subdivisions  bring messages to CNS
 afferent neuron
a) Sensory Division - carries info to the
brain and spinal cord. 2. Motor Neuron
b) Motor Division - carries info from the
 Carry impulses from the brain and spinal
brain to the bodies effectors (things that
cord to MUSCLES or GLANDS.
do the work)
 Muscles contract
 Somatic nerves relay commands to  Glands secrete
and from skeletal muscle (VOLUNT-  efferent neuron
ARY CONTROL) 3. Interneuron
Parts:
1. Spinal Nerves  spinal cord and  Connects sensory & motor neurons
body  Found entirely within the Central
2. Cranial Nerves  brain stem Nervous System

 Autonomic nerves send signals to

and from smooth muscles
(INVOLUNTARY CONTROL)
Subdivision:
1. Sympathetic  under stress
2. Parasympathetic return to no-
rmal or relaxed mode

PARTS OF A NEURON

 Dendrites
- Receive stimulus and carries impulses
toward the cell body

 Cell Body
- Contains nucleus & most of cytoplasm
- Performs most of the metabolic activity
of the cell, including the generation of
LESSON 2: NEURONS
ATP and synthesis of protein
NEURON  Axon
- Basic functional cell of nervous system
- Fiber which carries impulses away from
- Messages take the form of electrical
the cell body
signals, and are known as IMPULSES.
- A Neuron carries impulses in only ONE - Ends in a series of small swellings called
direction. axon terminals
- Transmits impulses (up to 250 mph)
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

Excitatory: depolarize
postsynaptic cell
Inhibitory: hyperpolarize
postsynaptic cell
 Role of postsynaptic neuron: integrate
and process information

LESSON 3: DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS

SYSTEM
MEMORY

 Association is the linkage of information

to structural and chemical changes
 Schwann Cells
- Cells which produce myelin or fat layerr Short Term - few bits lasts a couple of hours
in the Peripheral Nervous System Long Term - permanent and limitless

 Myelin sheath
– Dense lipid layer which insulates the DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
axon
– Makes the axon look gray TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
- A nondegenerative, noncongenital
 Node of Ranvier damage to the brain from an external
– Gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath mechanical force.
- CAUSES
Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to Falls (28%)
axon Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (20%)
Struck by/against (19%)
Assaults (11%)
CLOSED BRAIN INJURY
1. Concussion
- Most common type of TBI
- Damage to nerves or blood vessels in
the brain often caused by an impact to
the head
TYPES OF CHEMICAL SYNAPSE 2. Cerebral Contusions

 Acetylcholine: neuromuscular junctions, - Is a bruise or bleeding on the brain that

glands, brain and spinal cord can be caused by an impact

 Norepinepherine: affects brain regions 3. Diffuse Axonal Injury

concerned with emotions, dreaming
- Tearing of nerve tissue or blood vessels
TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM NEURON when the brain is jostled in the skull, can
TO TARGET result from shaking or whiplash

Synaptic transmission: 4. Coup-contrecoup Injury

 Release of neurotransmitter: graded - Impact not only injures the site of impact,
potential achieved but causes the brain to impact with the
 Effects of neurotransmitter: skull
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

OPEN BRAIN INJURY - The nose, kidneys, and male

reproductive organs may also be
 Object penetrates brain tissue, such as a
affected
bullet or shattered piece of skull

3. Polio
INFECTIONS
It is caused by the poliovirus. It spreads from
1. Meningitis
person to person and can invade an infected
(HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE MENINGITIS) person’s brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis.

 Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Subclinical Infection

Type b bacteria  No symptoms, or symptoms lasting 72
 Usually spreads from somewhere in the hours or less; may go unnoticed.
respiratory tract to the bloodstream and  Symptoms:
then to the meninges  Slight fever
(MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS)  headache
 general discomfort or uneasiness
 Infection caused by the bacterium  Sore throat
Neisseria meningitidis  red throat
 Cause infection in a part of the body  vomiting
then, for unknown reasons, the bacteria
may then spread through the Nonparalytic
bloodstream to the nervous system  develop symptoms that doesn't lead to
(PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS) paralysis (abortive polio), which can last
up to 10 days
 Caused by a bacteria called  causes the same mild, flu-like signs and
streptococcus pneumonia symptoms typical of other viral illnesses
 Can be carried harmlessly in the back of
the throat by both adults and children Paralytic
 Blood vessels in the lining of the brain  Same symptoms as nonparalytic polio
are damaged within a week, but may include:
 Meninges become inflamed and pressure
 Loss of reflexes
around the brain can cause nerve
damage  Severe muscle aches or weakness
 loose and floppy limbs (flaccid paralysis)
2. Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
It is an infection caused by slow-growing 4. Tetanus
bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. It is a
disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin sores  A disease caused by the toxin of the
and nerve damage in the arms, legs, and skin bacterium Clostridium tetani that affects
areas around the body. the central nervous system, sometimes
resulting in death.
 Tuberculoid
 Spores of the bacterium produce a
- have only one or a few patches of flat,
neurotoxin, called tetanospasmin
pale-colored skin (paucibacillary leprosy)
- Affected area of skin may feel numb
because of nerve damage underneath 5. Botulism
 Lepromatous
 Botulism is caused by Clostridium
- has widespread skin bumps and rashes
bacteria that live in soil and dust. These
(multibacillary leprosy), numbness, and
bacteria may also contaminate foods,
muscle weakness
especially honey.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

 Clostridium bacteria produce a toxin  PRIMARY - caused by overactivity of

called botulinum toxin, which blocks the or problems with pain-sensitive
normal messages between muscles and structures in your head
nerves and affects muscles everywhere a. Tension Headaches
in the body. - cause mild to moderate
pain and come and go over
time.
6. Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
- Usually have no other
 An infection caused by the varicella- symptoms.
zoster virus, which is the same virus that
causes chickenpox b. Migraine Headaches
 Develops when the virus reactivates in
- Often described as
the body.
pounding, throbbing pain
 Characterized by a red skin rash that can
cause pain and burning - can last from 4 hours to 3
days and usually happen one
to four times a month
7. Encephalitis
 An acute inflammation (swelling) of the c. Cluster Headaches
brain usually resulting from either a - Cyclical patterns or cluster
viral infection or due to the body's own periods
immune system mistakenly attacking - Commonly awakens you in
brain tissue the middle of the night with
 Different types have different causes intense pain in or around one
 Japanese encephalitis - eye on one side of your head.
mosquitoes
 Tick-borne encephalitis - ticks  SECONDARY - caused by overactivity
 Rabies - mammal of or problems with pain-sensitive
 Primary or infectious encephalitis - structures in your head.
fungus, virus, or bacterium
 Secondary, or post-infectious - immune
mistakenly attacks the brain. 2. Epilepsy

 A condition characterized by recurrent

8. Rabies seizures (two or more) result from an
 Deadly virus spread to people from the abnormal and excessive neuronal
saliva of infected animals. The rabies discharge
virus is usually transmitted through a  Sign of cerebral dysfunction
bite a. Localized - caused by localized area
 Preliminary symptoms are mild and of brain dysfunction (the
varied, may resemble many other epileptic focus in cerebral
infections cortex and do not spread)
 When CNS becomes involved person and symptoms are related to
alternates between agitation and calm area involved
 Muscle spasms of mouth and pharynx
b. Generalized - the abnormal
impulses originate from the
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS cerebral cortex and spread

1. Headache - Can be a sign of stress or

emotional distress, or it can result from a 3. Neuroglia - A stabbing, burning, and often
medical disorder, such as migraine or high severe pain due to an irritated or damaged
blood pressure, anxiety, or depression nerve.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

STRUCTURAL DISORDERS VASCULAR DISORDERS

Spinal Cord Injury 1. Stroke - occurs when the blood supply to part
of your brain is interrupted or reduced,
 Traumatic - may stem from a sudden,
depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients
traumatic blow to the spine that
fractures, dislocates, crushes or a) Ischemic stroke
compresses one or more of the  occur when the arteries to your
vertebrae brain become narrowed or
 Non-Traumatic - may be caused by blocked, causing severely
arthritis, cancer, inflammation or reduced blood flow (ischemia)
infections, or disk degeneration of the  Thrombotic stroke
spine  Embolic stroke
b) Hemorrhagic stroke
Disorders:
 occurs when a blood vessel in
1. Bell’s Palsy your brain leaks or ruptures
 Intracerebral hemorrhage.
- causes sudden, temporary weakness in
the facial muscles  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
c) Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- makes half of the face appear to droop  Sometimes known as a
Smile is one-sided, and the eye on that ministroke. It is a temporary
side resists closing period of symptoms similar to
2. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome those you'd have in a stroke

- occurs when the tunnel becomes 2. Aneurysm

narrowed or when tissues surrounding - A bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in
the flexor tendons swell, putting the brain.
pressure on the median nerve - Can leak or rupture, causing bleeding
3. Spondylosis into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke).

- refers to degenerative changes in the

spine such as bone spurs and DEGENERATION
degenerating intervertebral discs
between the vertebrae 1. Parkinson’s Disease

4. Brain or Spinal Cord Tumors - Certain nerve cells (neurons) in the brain
gradually break down or die.
- Masses of abnormal cells in the brain or - Symptoms are due to a loss of neurons
spinal cord that have grown out of that produce a chemical messenger in
control your brain called dopamine.
- benign (non-cancerous) tumors and
malignant tumors (cancerous) 2. Multiples Sclerosis

5. Peripheral Neuropathy - Immune system malfunction destroys

the fatty substance that coats and
- a result of damage to the peripheral protects nerve fibers in the brain and
nerves, often causes weakness, spinal cord (myelin).
numbness and pain, usually in your
hands and feet 3. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou
Gehrig's disease
6. Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- Progressive nervous system disease that
- a result of damage to the peripheral affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal
nerves, often causes weakness, cord, causing loss of muscle control.
numbness and pain, usually in your
hands and feet 4. Huntington Chorea
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

- an inherited disease that causes the THE CHEMISTRY OF HOMONES

progressive breakdown (degeneration)
 Amino acid-based hormones
of nerve cells in the brain
a. Proteins
5. Dementia
b. Peptides
- Overall term for diseases and conditions
characterized by a decline in memory, c. Amines
language, problem-solving and other
 Steroids – made from cholesterol
thinking skills that affect a person's
ability to perform everyday activities.  Prostaglandins – made from highly active
lipids
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
• ACTION: affects higher brain functions  Hormones affect only certain tissues or
• PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE: user organs (target cells or organs)
craves the feeling associated with the  Target cells must have specific protein
drug receptors
• TOLERANCE: takes more of the  Hormone binding influences the working
substance to achieve the same affect of the cells
• ADDICTION: the need to continue EFFECTS CAUSED BY HORMONES
obtaining and using a substance; no free
choice  Changes in plasma membrane
permeability or electrical state
• WITHDRAWAL: physical symptoms that
occur upon stopping the drug  Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes

 Activation or inactivation of enzymes

LESSON 4: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Stimulation of mitosis

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE

- Second messenger system of the body  A stimulus or low hormone levels in the
- Uses chemical messages (hormones) blood triggers the release of more
that are released into the blood hormone

 Hormone release stops once an

HORMONES appropriate level in the blood is reached

- Hormones control several major  Hormone levels in the blood are

processes maintained by negative feedback
 Reproduction
HORMONAL STIMULI OF ENDOCRINE
 Growth and development
GLANDS
 Mobilization of body defenses
 Maintenance of much of hom-  Endocrine glands are activated by other
eostasis hormones
 Regulation of metabolism
- Produced by specialized cells
- Secreted by cells into extracellular fluids
- Transferred by blood to the target sites
- Regulate the activity of other cells
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 Changing blood levels of certain ions  Prolactin (PRL)

stimulate hormone release  Stimulates and maintains milk
production following childbirth
NEURAL STIMULI OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Function in males is unknown
 Nerve impulses stimulate hormone  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
release  Influences growth and activity of
the thyroid
 Most are under control of the
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
sympathetic nervous system
 Regulates endocrine activity of
the adrenal cortex
 Gonadotropic Hormones – regulates
hormonal activity of the gonads

 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) - Stimulates follicle (ov-
aries) and sperm (testes) deve-
lopment
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Triggers ovulation
MAJOR PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ruptured follicle become corpus
luteum
- Stimulates testosterone produ-
ction

Posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

 Oxytocin
 Stimulates contractions of the
uterus during labor
1. Pineal Gland  Milk ejection
 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Found on the third ventricle of the brain
 Inhibit urine production
- Secretes melatonin (helps establish the  Large amounts cause
body’s wake and sleep cycles) vasoconstriction leading to
increased BP (vasopressin)
2. Pituitary Gland
- Size of a grape
- Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

 Growth Hormone
 General metabolic hormone
 skeletal muscles and long bones
 Amino acids into protein
 Fat broken down for energy
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

“Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship”

• Release of hormones is controlled by
releasing and inhibiting hormones
produced by the hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus produces two hormones
that are transported to the posterior
pituitary
• The posterior pituitary is NOT STRICTLY
5. Adrenal Glands
an endocrine gland, but does release
- Sits on top of the kidneys
hormones
- Two glands

3. Thyroid Gland Adrenal Cortex (outer glandular region in

three layers)
- Found at the base of the throat  Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
- Consists of two lobes and a connecting  Regulate mineral content in
isthmus blood, water, and electrolyte
balance
 Thyroid Hormone  Target organ: kidney
 Major metabolic hormone  Regulate the concentration of
 Composed of two active iodine- potassium and sodium in the
body
containing hormones
 Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
a. Thyroxin (T4) – secreted by
cortisol)
thyroid follicles
 Promote normal cell metabolism
b. Triiodothyronine (T3) –
 Help resist long-term stressors
conversion of T4 at target
 Released in response to increased
tissues blood levels of ACTH
 Calcitonin  Sex hormones: Androgens and
 Decreases blood calcium levels by some Estrogen
deposition of bone
 Antagonistic to parathyroid
hormone Adrenal Medulla (inner neural tissue
region)
 Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
 Increase cardiac output
 Raise glucose levels in the blood
 Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
 Increases heart rate and BP
 Triggers release of glucose
 Increases blood flow to skeletal
muscle
 Reduces blood flow to the
4. Parathyroid Gland gastrointestinal system
 Inhibits voiding of the bladder
- Tiny masses on the posterior of the and gastrointestinal motility
thyroid
6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
 Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) - The pancreas is a mixed gland
 Stimulate osteoclasts to remove - The islets of the pancreas produce
calcium from bone hormones:
 Stimulate the kidneys and intestine
to absorb more calcium
 Raise calcium levels in the blood
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

 Insulin LESSON 5: DISORDERS OF THE

 Allows glucose to cross plasma ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
membranes into cells from beta
cells LESSON 6: MALE REPRODUCTIVE
 Glucagon SYSTEM
 Allows glucose to enter the
blood from alpha cells - Male and female reproductive systems
develop from similar embryonic tissue.

7. Thymus - During fetal development they are near

- Located posterior to the sternum the kidneys and slowly move inferiorly in
- Largest in infants and children the abdominal cavity.
- During the 7th month they descend
 Thymosin
through the inguinal canals
 Matures some types of white
blood cells
 Important in developing the PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
immune system
1. Scrotum

 Sac of skin and superficial fascia that

8. Ovaries
hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity
 Estrogens
at the root of the penis
 Stimulates the development of
 Its external positioning keeps the testes
secondary female characteristics
 Matures female reproductive organs 3C lower than core body temperature
 Helps prepare the uterus to receive a
fertilized egg
 Produced by the placenta
 Helps maintain pregnancy
 Prepares breasts to produce milk
 Progesterone
 Acts with estrogen to bring about
menstrual cycle PARTS OF THE SCROTUM
 Helps in the implantation of an
a. Dartos Muscle
embryo in the uterus
9. Testes - a thin layer of smooth muscle
 Androgens in the dermis
 Crucial for male sexual and - contractions of this muscle
reproductive function causes wrinkling of the skin
 Testosterone (most important b. Tunica Vaginalis
androgen) - encloses each testes
 Male secondary characteristics - a continuation of the
 Growth and maturation of male peritoneum that lines the
reproductive system abdominopelvic cavity
 Required for sperm cell reproduction c. Tunica Albuginea
- A fibrous capsule covers each
testis
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

DUCT SYSTEM OF THE MALE R.S

2. Testicle (Testes)
- Sperm cells pass through a series of ducts
 An oval structure about 5 cm long and 3 to reach the outside of the body. After they
cm in diameter leave the testes, the sperm passes through
 The tunica albuginea gives rise to septa the epididymis, ductus deferens,
(partitions) that divide the testis into ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
lobules (about 250)
 Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly coiled
seminiferous tubules
 These converge to become rete testis
which transport sperm to the
epididymis
 Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) – pro-
duce male sex hormones, are located
between the seminiferous tubules
within a lobule. PARTS OF THE DUCT SYSTEM
3. Epididymis 5. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
 A long tube (about 6 meters) located  A fibromuscular tube that is continuous
along the superior and posterior with the epididymis
margins of the testes
 Complete sperm maturation process 6. Ejaculatory Duct
and become fertile as they move  passes through the prostate gland and
through the epididymis. empties into the urethra
 Mature sperm are stored in the lower
portion, or tail, of the epididymis 7. Urethra

 Extends from the urinary bladder to the

external urethral orifice at the tip of the
penis.
 A passageway for sperm and fluids from
the reproductive system and urine from
the urinary system

4. Spermatic Cord
ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE MALE R.S
 Contains the structures running from the
8. Seminal Vesicle
testicles to the pelvic cavity
 Contents:  Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder
a. Vas Deferens and secrete 60% of the volume of semen
b. Nerves  Seminal Fluids:
c. Blood Vessels a. Fructose: provides energy for the
sperm.
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b. Fibrinogen: helps turn semen into DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
a bolus that can be readily
Cryptorchidism
propelled into the vagina.
c. Prostaglandins: decrease cervical - Literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of
mucus viscosity and stimulate lack of descent of one or both testes into
reverse peristalsis of the uterus. the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by
surgery, before puberty, can lead to
9. Prostate Gland
sterility and increased risk of testicular
 Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles cancer.
part of the urethra inferior to the
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
bladder
 Plays a role in the activation of sperm - Sexual dysfunction characterized by the
 Enters the prostatic urethra during regular and repeated inability of a
ejaculation sexually mature male to obtain or
 Prostatic Secretions: maintain an erection. It is a common
a. Citrate: is a food source (TCA disorder that affects about 40 percent of
cycle) males, at least occasionally
b. Proteolytic enzymes: acts to Epididymitis
"decoagulate" the semen that
was coagulated by seminal - Inflammation of the epididymis.
vesicle secretions, which helps Discomfort or pain and swelling in the
the sperm begin their journey scrotum are typical symptoms of
once inside the vagina epididymitis, which is a relatively
common condition, especially in young
10. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) men.
 Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate Prostate cancer
 Produce alkaline mucus prior to
ejaculation that neutralizes traces of - The most common type of cancer in men,
acidic urine in the urethra and the second leading cause of cancer
death in men.
11. Penis
Testicular cancer
 Is a cylindrical pendant organ located
anterior to the scrotum and functions to - It is the most common cancer in males
transfer sperm to the vagina between the ages of 20 and 39 years. A
 Consists of three columns of erectile lump or swelling in one testis, fluid in the
tissue that are wrapped in connective scrotum, and testicular pain or
tissue and covered with skin. tenderness are possible signs and
symptoms of testicular cancer.

 The two dorsal columns are the corpora

cavernosa. The single, midline ventral
column surrounds the urethra and is
called the corpus spongiosum.
 3 parts:
a. root
b. body (shaft)
c. glans penis
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

LESSON 7: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE  Fertilization of the egg occurs here

SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- To perpetuate the species through
sexual or germ cell fertilization and
reproduction
 Tube widens to form the ampulla
 The isthmus is the portion that
connects to uterus
 Fimbria are the finger-like
projections around the opening that
trap the egg as it leaves the ovary
PARTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE  End of tube is called the
SYSTEM infundibulum
 Opening is called the ostium
1. Uterus

 A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ

about the size of a woman’s clenched fist 3. Ovaries
 Can be divided into the body (corpus),
 Attached to each side of the uterus by a
and the bottom cervix
ligament
 Fundus: rounded top portion, above the
 Oval-shaped, about the size of a large
fallopian tubes
olive
 Provides a place for the protection and
 Filled with egg-containing sacs called
nourishment of the fetus during
follicles
pregnancy
 Each egg is called an ovum
 It contracts during labor to expel the
fetus
 3 layers:
a. Perimetrium
b. Myometrium
c. Endometrium
Functions:
- The endometrium sheds the lining of the
uterus every 21 to 40 days by
menstruation
4. Vagina
- It provides a place for the protection and
nourishment of the fetus during  Extend from the cervix to the outside of
pregnancy the body
- It contracts during labor to expel the  3 ½ inch long muscular tube that
fetus expands in length and width during
sexual arousal
 Female organ for copulation
2. Fallopian Tube  A passageway for menstruation or the
 4-6 inches long birth of a fetus
 Egg is moved along inside the tube by
muscular contractions and the waving 5. Vulva - 5 organs making up the external
action of cilia genitalia of the female
 Takes an egg about 3-4 days to travel the
length of the tube
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
Menstrual Abnormalities

 Amenorrhea – absence of
menstruation
 Dysmenorrhea – pain associated
with menstruation
 Abnormal uterine bleeding –
Mons Pubis
excessive amount or duration of
- Triangular-shaped pad of fatty
menstrual bleeding
tissue over the pubis bone,
covered with pubic hair
Labia Majora Endometriosis
- 2 large folds of adipose tissue on
 Growth of endometrial tissue
the side of the vaginal opening
outside of the uterus
Labia Minora
 Tissue responds to hormonal
- 2 smaller folds of adipose tissue
changes by proliferating then
on the inside of the labia majora
breaking down and bleeding
Vestibule
- Area between labia with openings
for the vagina, urethra, and 2
Cancer
excretory ducts for Bartholin’s
glands (provide lubricant)  Breast Cancer – 2nd leading cause of
Clitoris cancer death in the US
- Sensitive fold of tissue partially  Ovarian Cancer – most common
covered by hood cause of gynecological death
excluding breast cancer
 Cervical Cancer – starts as cervical
dysplasia (change in shape, growth, and
no. of cells)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 Chlamydia – bacteria;
asymptomatic, leads to sterility from
 Perineum scar tissue formation
- The area located between the  Gonorrhea – bacteria; discharge
vaginal opening and the anus common, blindness if newborn is
 Episiotomy infected during delivery
- A surgical incision done to avoid  Syphilis – bacteria; painless sores
uncontrolled tearing of the (chancre), 2nd stage: all organs
perineum involved, 3rd stage: organ
degeneration is apparent
6. Breast (neurosyphilis)
 Genital Herpes – virus; incurable,
 Are the mammary glands painful blisters
 Each has 15-20 glandular lobes separated  AIDS & Hepatitis B – viruses
by connective tissue
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

Yeast Infection 26
27
28 1
2
3
25 4

 Candida albicans is yeastlike fungus 24

Menstruation
5

23 6
that grows on mucous membranes 22 7

 Causes vulvovaginal candidiasis or 21 8

vaginitis 20 9

19 10
most fertile
- inflammation of the vagina 18 11
17 12
- severe itching and pain 16
15 14
13

- yellow discharge with odor

 More likely after antibiotic therapy for  It is carefully regulated by several
some other disease hormones: Luteinizing Hormone (LH),
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), and
the female sex hormones Estrogen and
Progesterone
LESSON 8: THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Divided into three phases:
TERMINOLOGIES: a. Follicular (before the egg is
released)
 Endometrium - Lining of the uterus
b. Ovulatory (egg is released)
 Oocyte - Developing egg cell
c. Luteal (after release of the egg)
 Ovum - Mature egg
 Menopause - Last menstruation
FACTS: PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

- 20 weeks gestation, ~ 5 million eggs 1. Follicular Phase

(oocytes)
 The key aspect of this phase is the
- At birth, ½ to 1 million
development of follicles in the ovaries.
- Ovarian reserve, housed by primordial
 At the start of the follicular phase, the
follicles.
lining of the uterus is thick with fluids and
- 30 to 40 follicles develop before
nutrients intended to nourish an embryo
ovulation but usually only one egg is
(fertilized egg).
released.
 If no embryo is present, estrogen and
- 400 eggs are ovulated in a woman’s
progesterone levels are low. This causes
reproductive life
the uterus lining to shed.
- Age of 30, ~ 12% of eggs they had at
birth
Menstruation - This phase begins on the first
day of bleeding (can last for 3-7 days)

Menstrual Cycle  The pituitary gland increases its’

production of FSH. This hormone
 Begins when a girl reaches the age of
stimulates the growth of several follicles
puberty
(each contains an egg) to develop in the
 The reproductive cycle that produces ovaries.
eggs for fertilization
 During this cycle the uterus
(endometrium) prepares itself for
implantation of a fertilized egg, if this
does not occur the uterus lining is shed
from the body; this is known
as menstruation or a "period".
 The levels of FSH hormone decreases and
 Lasts between 28-35 days
the follicles begin to secrete estrogen.
 Day 1 of the cycle begins on is the first
 The follicle that develops first
day of bleeding and the cycle ends just
(the dominant follicle) secretes the most
before the next menstrual period.
amount of estrogen.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

 The follicular phase roughly lasts about  LH and FSH levels fall back to low and
13 or 14 days. The phase ends when the steady levels.
level of luteinizing hormone (LH) surges  Estrogen levels fall a little after the
dramatically LH/FSH surge, but rise due to continued
secretion of estrogen and progesterone
by the corpus luteum.
2. Ovulatory Phase  If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus
luteum shrinks and begins to degenerate
 Begins with the luteinizing hormone
after 14 days (the corpus luteum is
surge (LH surge). The level of FSH
designed to die after 14 days).
increases to a lesser extent.
 If the egg is fertilized the cells, around the
 LH stimulates enzymes in the dominant
developing embryo begin to produce a
follicle and along with the increased
hormone called human chorionic
pressure causes the follicle to rupture
gonadotropin (hCG).
and release the egg (ovulation).
 This hormone rescues the corpus luteum
 The egg travels into the fallopian tube,
and allows it to continue secreting
ready for fertilization. The egg can
progesterone and estrogen, until the
survive for 12 to 24 hours after
growing fetus can produce its’ own
ovulation.
hormones.
 The LH surge can be used as a
 Pregnancy tests are based on detecting an
measurement to determine when a
increase in the human chorionic
woman is fertile. Around 12 to 24 hours
gonadotropin level.
after the egg is released, the LH surge
can be detected by measuring the level
of this hormone in urine. LESSON 9: SPERMATOGENESIS
 The ovulatory phase usually lasts 16 to
32 hours and ends when the egg is
released.

3. Luteal Phase

 This phase begins after ovulation.

 It lasts about 14 days and ends just
before a menstrual period, unless of HORMONES
course fertilization occurs.
 The egg travels along the fallopian tube - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
by wave like motions caused by the stimulates spermatogenesis
finger-like projections in the walls of the - Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
fallopian tube. (aka LH) stimulates the production of
 The remainder of the ruptured follicle in testosterone
the ovary closes after releasing the egg - Testosterone stimulates the development of
and forms a structure called a corpus male secondary sex characteristics &
luteum. spermatogenesis
 The corpus luteum secretes large
quantities of progesterone and estrogen
and prepares the uterus for fertilization.
 Progesterone also causes increase in
body temperature during the luteal
phase and remain elevated until a
menstrual period begins.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

PROCESS - The sperm are released into the lumen

of the seminiferous tubule and leave the
- Sperm are produced within the
testes. They then enter the epididymis.
seminiferous tubules
- The entire process, beginning with a
- Interspersed within the tubules are
primary spermatocyte, takes about 74
large cells which are the sustentacular
days. After ejaculation, the sperm can
cells (Sertoli's cells), which support and
live for about 48 hours in the female
nourish the other cells.
reproductive tract.
- Early in embryonic development,
primordial germ cells enter the testes
and differentiate into spermatogonia LESSON 10: PREGNANCY
TERMINOLOGIES
- Spermatogonia are diploid cells, each
with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) located  Obstetrician - doctor who specializes in
around the periphery of the sem- care of a pregnant women and the
iniferous tubules. developing fetus
 Gynecologist - doctor who specializes in
care of the female reproductive system
 Urine tests - about 2 weeks after
ovulation.
 Blood tests - about 6 to 8 days after you
ovulate

Blood tests can pick up hCG earlier in a

- At puberty, hormones stimulate these pregnancy than urine tests can
cells to begin dividing by mitosis. Some
remain at the periphery as sperma- Pregnancy lasts an average of 266 days
togonia. (38 weeks); approximately
9 months – divided into
- Others become primary sperma- 3 trimesters.
tocytes. Because they are produced by
mitosis, primary spermatocytes are Signs of Pregnancy
diploid and have 46 chromosomes
 Missed menstrual period
- Each primary spermatocytes goes  Excessive tenderness in her breasts
through the first meiotic division,
meiosis I, to produce two secondary  Fatigue
spermatocytes, each with 23  Change in appetite
chromosomes (haploid)
 Morning Sickness
- During meiosis I, one chromosome,
goes to each secondary spermatocyte.
In the second meiotic division, meiosis FERTILIZATION
II, each secondary spermatocyte divides  Ovum can be fertilized for first 24
to produce two spermatids. hours during its 3-7 day journey
through the Fallopian tube to the
- The final step in the development the uterus.
spermatids formed from
 Most sperm live only 3 days inside the
spermatogenesis become mature
woman’s reproductive tract; some for
spermatozoa, or sperm.
5 days.
Science Reviewer 3rd Quarter

 The egg pulls one sperm to its surface,  Stimulated first by hCG and later by the
the “zona pellucida” where sperm then placenta, estrogen helps the uterus
secretes an enzyme allowing it to grow, regulates the production of
penetrate and enter. other key hormones, and triggers the
 Within 24-30 hours, nuclei of sperm development of baby’s organs
and egg fuse to form the one-celled  Among its many other purposes,
“zygote progesterone encourages breast tissue
 Cell division begins growth and later helps soften
a. Morula stage (small collection ligaments and cartilage to prepare you
of cells) for labor.
b. Blastocyst stage (over 100 cells;
fluid center  First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial
development and rapid growth):
o At the end of the first month,
CONCEPTION AND IMPLANTATION
the embryo has a heartbeat, a
 Blastocyst arrives in the uterus which is two-lobed brain, and a spinal
receptive to implantation for only 4-5 cord.
days. o By the end of the second
 Corpus luteum will not deteriorate month, the embryo is
 8-11 days after ovulation the blastocyst recognizable as a human and is
attaches itself to the endometrium; called a fetus
then the conceptus is referred to as an  Second trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus
embryo. Continues to form):
 Embryo’s outer layer = trophoblast, o By the end of the fourth month,
grows rapidly, forming 4 protective fingernails, toenails, eyebrows,
layers (membranes) around the and eyelashes have developed.
embryo. Teeth begin to form, lips
 Trophoblast membranes – appear, and head hair may
a. One produces blood cells begin to grow.
b. A 2nd develops into the o Movement of the fetus can be
umbilical cord felt by the mother. The fetus
c. A 3rd, the amnion; protective can bend its arms and make a
fluid-filled sac fist. During the fifth month, the
d. A 4th, the chorion, develops into heartbeat can be detected by a
the placenta, which will serve as stethoscope.
an interface with the mother  Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth):
 The chorion secretes the hormone o By the seventh month = lanugo
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) appears on the baby
 HCG takes the place of LH and o By the eighth months fetus
maintains the corpus luteum growth slows down and moves
 The human chorionic gonadotropin into a head-down position.
steps in to increase the production of o By the ninth month the fetus is
estrogen and progesterone. It also full term. Skin is smooth and
suppresses your immune system to waxy looking. Languo drops off.
support your growing baby.
 After about 3-4 months of pregnancy,
corpus luteum degenerates
 Placenta now produces its estrogen
and progesterone and maintains
endometrium