10

Music
 10
Music
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Music of the 20th Century
Music – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Music of the 20th Century First
Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Sherween F. Cabrales

Editors: Sherberk F. Cabrales, Luzviminda T. Sagario ,
Regina Genelin C. Nagtalon
Reviewers: Arsendio A. Cabacungan, Francis A. Domingo , Adelyn C. Domingo
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 What I Need to Know

This module provides you the foundation of Music in the 20th

century. In your journey through the discussions and different
tasks, you are expected to:

1. describe distinctive musical elements of given pieces in 20th century styles;

(MU10TC Ia-h-2)
2. explain the performance practice (setting, composition, role of
composers/performers, and audience) of 20th century music; (MU10TC Ib-g-4)
3. relate 20th Century music to other art forms and media during the same time
period; (MU10TC Ia-g-3)
4. perform music sample from the 20th century; (MU10TC Ib-5) and
5. evaluate music and music performances using guided rubrics.

The module is divided into 3 lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Impressionism
• Lesson 2 – Expressionism
• Lesson 3 – 20th Century Musical Styles

1
 What I Know

Read the statements carefully and identify what is being

described. Choose the letter that represents your best answer. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. His technique in composition is the use of semi-tone scale.

a. Cage
b. Debussy
c. Glass
d. Schoenberg

2. It is the mark of the beginning of the Contemporary Period.

a. Chance Music
b. Expressionism
c. Impressionism
d. Jazz

3. This composer believes that “Because there is little sense of goal-directed

motion, music does not seem to move from one place to another.”
a. Cage
b. Debussy
c. Glass
d. Schoenberg

4. Schoenberg experienced Triskaidekaphobia which is the fear of the number _.

a. 11
b. 12
c. 13
d. 14

5. It is also known as Aleatory Music.

a. Chance Music
b. Expressionism
c. Impressionism
d. Jazz

6. It tends to make more use of dissonance and more uncommon scales such as
the whole tone scale.
a. Chance Music
b. Expressionism
c. Impressionism
d. Jazz

7. It is a modern contemporary piano piece in Impressionism.

a. Claire De Lune
2
 b. Für Elise
c. La Mer
d. Sunrise

8. It is an experimental or downtown music originated in the US.

a. Chance Music
b. Expressionism
c. Jazz
d. Minimalism

9. Following are characteristics of Minimalism except _________.

a. Minimal Time
b. Reiteration of Motifs
c. Slow Transformation
d. Steady Pulse

10. He is known as one of the 20th century composers with the widest array of
sounds in his works.
a. Cage
b. Debussy
c. Glass
d. Schoenberg

11. Alea in the word Aleatory means __________.

a. Cube
b. Dice
c. Improvise
d. Play

12. He is the Father of Modern Music.

a. Cage
b. Debussy
c. Glass
d. Schoenberg

13. He was the primary exponent of the impressionist movement and the focal
point for other impressionist composers.
a. Cage
b. Debussy
c. Glass
d. Schoenberg

14. It is equal to a twelfth of an octave or a half tone. It is a half-step stone.

a. Chromatic Scale
b. Dissonant
c. Semi Tone Scale

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 d. Whole Tone Scale

15. Music that uses the tape recorder is called _________________.

a. Musique concrete
b. Music saving
c. Record tape
d. Save Music

Lesson Impressionism
1
What music do you usually listen to? Are you into Rock? Pop? Or Hip-hop music?
I’m sure that you enjoy listening to these genres of music. Like any other products
of modernization, these songs have gone through several phases of development.
Come, let’s go down the memory lane and discover the roots of today’s music.

The styles of modern songs can be traced back from the 20th Century. The innovative
and experimental styles of the 20th Century Music are the influences of the genius
composers such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Arnold Schoenberg, Bela
Bartok, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofieff, and George Gershwin. Coming from
different nations such as France, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and the United States,
these composers clearly reflect the growing globalization of musical styles in the 20th
century.

What’s In

When you were in Grade 9, you learned about Western Music and its history
from Middle Ages to the Romantic Period. Let us go back to those eras of Music. Try
to recall the characteristics of music in the following periods:

1. Middle Ages _______________________________

2. Renaissance _______________________________
3. Baroque Period _______________________________
4. Classical Period ______________________________
5. Romantic Period ______________________________

4
 Notes to the Teacher
Please check the answers of the learner. If all answers are
correct, the learner will proceed to the next part of this module.
Otherwise, as sist the learner to recall facts about the
abovementioned periods for better understanding of the next
lessons.

As you continue your journey through the ages of music, you will get a view
of how music has developed into what it is today. The First Quarter covers Music of
the 20th Century which is also known as Contemporary Music. You will discover
different movements in this period, meet the different composers and observe their
distinct techniques and styles.

What’s New

IMPRESSIONISM
As the world entered the 20th century, a new era in music was introduced and
impressionism was one of the earliest musical forms that paved way to this modern
era. Impressionism is a French movement in the late 19th and early 20th century.
The sentimental melodies and dramatic emotionalism of the preceding Romantic
Period whose themes and melody are easy to recognize and enjoy, were being replaced
in favor of moods and impressions. Features of Impressionism music are as follows:
• The use of "color", or in musical terms, timbre, which can be achieved through
orchestration, harmonic usage, texture, etc. (Timbre is known as the tone color
or tone quality)
• New combinations of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone,
chromatic scales, and pentatonic scales emerged.
• Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to
suggest it.

5
CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)
Claude Debussy was one of the most influential and
leading composers of the 20th century. He was the principal
exponent of the impressionist movement and the inspiration
for other impressionist composers. He reformed the course of
musical development by eradicating traditional rules and
conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony,
rhythm, form, texture, and color.

He was born on August 22, 1862 in a small town called

Image from
melhoresmusicasclassicas.c St. Germain-en-Layein in France.
m in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.5.

He composed a total of more or less 227 masterpieces which include

orchestral music, chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets, songs, and
other vocal music.

He was known as the “Father of the Modern School of Composition” and made
his impact in the styles of the later 20th century composer like Igor Stravinsky.
Debussy’s mature creative period was exemplified by the following works:

• String Quartet
• La Mer (1905)-a highly imaginative and atmospheric symphonic work
for orchestra about the sea
• Première Arabesque
• Claire de Lune (Moonlight)-The third and most famous movement of
Suite bergamasque.
In the field of visual arts, Debussy was influenced by Monet, Pissaro, Manet,
Degas, and Renoir; and from the literary arts, by Mallarme, Verlaine and Rimbaud.
Most of his close friends were painters and poets who significantly influenced his
works. On March 25, 1918, he died of cancer at the height of the First World War in
Paris.

What I Can Do

The most remarkable composition of Debussy is Claire De Lune. Have you watched
the Hollywood movie hit Twilight Saga? Try to recall its sentimental sound tracks.
One of them is Claire De Lune! Would you like to listen to it once again? Play from
the accompanying CD Track 1 (Claire de Lune) or you can access it at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvFH_6DNRCY.

While listening to the track, answer the following guide questions. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

• What musical instrument is being played?

• How did the music affect your mood or feelings in terms of the general
atmosphere of the piece?

6
MAURICE RAVEL (1875–1937)

Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France to a

Basque mother and a Swiss father. At age 14, he entered the
Paris Conservatory where he was musically nurtured by a
prominent French composer, Gabriel Faure. The compositional
style of Ravel is mainly characterized by its distinctively
innovative but not atonal style (music that is written in a way
that is not based on any particular key) of harmonic treatment.

Image from
rateyourmusic.com in His works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.7.
melodies and extended chordal components. It demands
considerable technical virtuosity from the performer which is the character,
ability, or skill of a virtuoso—a person
who is exemplary in musical technique or execution.

Ravel’s works include the following:

• Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)

• String Quartet (1903)
• Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
• Rhapsodie Espagnole
• Bolero

Ravel was a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman. He strongly adhered to
the classical form, specifically its ternary structure. A strong advocate of Russian
music, he also admired the music of Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, and
Mendelssohn. He died in Paris in 1937.

What I Can Do

Ravel’s defining composition is “Bolero.” Bolero is a one-movement orchestral

piece which was premiered in 1928. Play from the accompanying CD
Track 2 (Bolero) or you can access it at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5V31O8ll14

While listening, answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of

paper:

• What specific dance form can be performed with Bolero as music?

• What feelings or emotions does the music evoke?

7
 What’s More

COMPOSERS’ TABLE ACTIVITY. Fill out the table below by indicating the name of
the artists and their works during the Impressionism Era and answer the question
that follows. Please use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

Artists Works/Composition

WRITING ACTIVITY. Which among the compositions of Impressionism inspired you

most? Why?

MUSIC LISTENING ACTIVITY. Play from the accompanying CD track 1 and write a
3-4 stanza poem inspired by the musical piece Claire de Lune.

Lesson

2 Expressionism

What’s In

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 It was an interesting start, right? Let’s continue to a more exciting journey in
the world of music!
In Lesson 1, you have learned that Impressionism was the first movement to
be introduced during the 20th century. You also studied the life and works of some
of the impressionist composers. Remember that the most distinctive feature of
impressionism is the use of "color," or timbre in musical term which can be achieved
through orchestration, harmonic usage, texture, etc. Impressionism reigned supreme
for years until it was superseded by another style which is Expressionism.

What’s New

The term “Expressionism" was originally used in visual and literary arts and
was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because like
the painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), he veered away from "traditional forms
of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music. Features of expressionism music
are as follows:

• a high degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems

unstable)
• extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very
loud)
• constant changing of textures
• "distorted" melodies and harmonies
• angular melodies with wide leaps

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874–1951)

Arnold Schoenberg was born on September 13,

1874 in a working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria. He
taught himself music theory but took lessons in
counterpoint. His works was greatly influenced by the
Image from German composer Richard Wagner as evident in his
blog.dataphilesmusic.com in
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.9.
symphonic poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5 (1903), a
counterpoint of Debussy’s opera of the same title.

Schoenberg’s style in music reformed from time to time. From the early
influences of Wagner, his tonal preference gradually revolved to something dissonant
and atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic harmonies. He was responsible for
the establishment of the twelve-tone system.

Twelve-tone system

9
 His works include the following:
• Verklarte Nacht
• Three Pieces for Piano, op. 11
• Pierrot Lunaire
• Violin Concerto
• Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.

Although full of melodic and lyrical interest, his music was also extremely
complex, creating heavy demands on the listener. He experienced Triskaidekaphobia
(fear of number 13). Schoenberg died on July 13, 1951 in Los Angeles, California,
USA where he had settled since 1934.

What I Can Do
One of the most significant compositions of Schoenberg is
Three Piano Pieces, Op. 11. This musical piece was the first composition ever to
dispense completely with “tonal” (counterpart of atonal) means of organization. Play
from the accompanying CD Track 3 (Three Piano Pieces). Alternatively, you can
access it at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjg3jzP2uI

While listening, answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of

paper:
• What genre of movie can this music be used?
• What particular moment in your life does this music remind you of?

IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882–1971)

He was born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), Russia

on June 17, 1882. Stravinsky’s early music reflected the
influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-
Korsakov. But in his first notable composition “The Firebird
Suite (1910)” which was composed for Diaghilev’s Russian
Ballet, his skillful handling of material and rhythmic
inventiveness went beyond anything written by his Russian
predecessors. He added a new ingredient to his nationalistic
musical style. The Rite of Spring (1913) was another
Image from 8notes.com in outstanding work showcasing his new technique.
Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.11.

Other acclaimed works by Stravinsky includes:

• Ballet Petrouchka (1911), featuring shifting rhythms and polytonality,

a signature device of the composer
• The Nightingale (1914)
• Three Tales for Children (1917)
• Duo Concertant (1932)
• The Rake’s Progress (1951), a full-length opera

10
 Stravinsky wrote approximately 127 works, including concerti, orchestral
music, instrumental music, operas, ballets, solo vocal, and choral music. Concerti
or concerto is a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments
accompanied by an orchestra, especially one conceived on a relatively large scale. He
died in New York City on April 6, 1971.

What’s More

MUSIC LISTENING ACTIVITY. From the CD, play track 4 (Petrouchka by

Stravinsky) or access it at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJRfImhtjq4. After
listening to the track, create an artwork inspired by Petrouchka using any
contemporary medium of arts. Use any paper available for your artwork.

WORD HUNT. Encircle the words that are related to expressionist music in the grid
below. The words run horizontally, vertically and diagonally.

S U S A D G E V O L
D I S P T E I C L L
E A A I E R V O O L
R I R A O M N N H U
Y L G N E A B C U H
S C H O E N B E R G
A S H M R A N R I U
T N A R K S S T S H
O A H A O R O I N N
N Y A S G M A N I O
A R U S S I A R A R
L Y H C R E M T N A
X S S D F G H I I A
D I S T O R T E D C

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 Lesson

3 20th Century Musical Styles

Now that you are familiar with Impressionism and Expressionism, you are
ready to explore the very interesting musical forms of the 20th Century. Let’s discover
the techniques and styles of Electronic and Chance Music.

What’s In

Expressionism is a style of music where composers seek to express emotional

experience. For the next lesson, we will discuss the several musical styles that
developed in the modern era. Some of these were short-lived, being experimental and
too radical in nature, while others found an active blend between the old and the
new. New inventions and discoveries of science and technology led to continuing
developments in the field of music.

What’s New

Technology has been a game-changer in music. It has produced electronic

music devices such as cassette tape recorders, compact discs and their variants, the
video compact disc (VCD) and the digital video disc (DVD), MP3, MP4, digital music
players, smart phones, karaoke players, and synthesizers. These devices are used for
creating and recording music to add to or to replace acoustical sounds.

ELECTRONIC MUSIC

The ability of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape

recorders, and loudspeakers to produce different sounds was popularized by 20th
century composers like Edgar Varese, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Mario
Davidovsky.

Music that uses the tape recorder is called musique concrete, or concrete
music. The composer records different sounds that are heard in the environment
such as the bustle of traffic, the sound of the wind, the barking of dogs, the
strumming of a guitar, or the cry of an infant. These sounds are arranged by the
12
composer in different ways like playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or in
reverse. In musique concrete, the composer is able to experiment with different
sounds that cannot be produced by regular musical instruments such as the piano
or the violin.
The first electronic devices for performing music were developed at the end of
the 19th century, and shortly afterwards, Italian futurists explored sounds that had
not been considered musical.

EDGARD VARÈSE (1883–1965)

Born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar)

Varèse was considered an “innovative French-born composer.”
However, he spent his life and career mostly in the United States
where he pioneered and created new sounds that bordered
between music and noise.

His musical compositions are characterized by:

• an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and
Image from blogs.nmz.de
• “organized sound” (certain timbres and rhythms can be
in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p. grouped together in order to capture a whole new definition of
27.
sound).

Varèse’s use of new instruments and electronic resources made him the
“Father of Electronic Music” and he was also dubbed as the “Stratospheric Colossus
of Sound.” He died on November 6, 1965.

What I Can Do

Varèse’s Poème Électronique is one of the first compositions that was created
through the use of technology. It’s an 8-minute piece written in 1958. Varèse
composed the piece with the intention of creating a liberation between sounds and
as a result uses noises not usually considered “musical” throughout the piece. Play
from the accompanying CD Track 5 (Poème Électronique) or access it at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEkjC76oSNk.

While listening, answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of

paper:
• Can you guess the materials used to create the different types of noise
used in the piece? Name at least 5.
• How does the piece affect your current mood or emotion? Describe.

KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928– 2007)

13
 Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the
realm of electronic music. Born in Cologne, Germany,
he had the opportunity to work with Messiaen,
Schoenberg, and Webern, the principal innovators at
the time. Together with Pierre Boulez, Stockhausen
Image from youtube.com
drew inspiration from these composers as he
in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p. 28. developed his style of total serialism.

Stockhausen’s music was initially met with

resistance due to its heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or
rhythmic sense. Still, he continued to experiment with musique concrete.

Some of his works include:

• Gruppen (1957), a piece for three orchestras that moved music through
time and space;
• Kontakte (1960), a work that pushed the tape machine to its limits; and
• Hymnen (1965), an ambitious two-hour work of 40 juxtaposed songs and
anthems from around the world
• Licht (Light), a seven-part opera (one for each day of the week) for a
gigantic ensemble of solo voices, solo instruments, solo dancers, choirs,
orchestras, mimes, and electronics.

It has led him to dream of concert halls in which the sound attacks the listener
from every direction. Stockhausen’s works total around 31.

What I Can Do

Another popular electronic music composition is Studie II by Karlheinz

Stockhausen. Play from the accompanying CD Track 6 (Studie II) or access
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qi4hgT_d0o.

While listening, answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of

paper:
• Where do you imagine yourself to be in while listening to the music?
Why?
• What makes this track distinct from the other musical excerpts which
you have heard so far?

CHANCE MUSIC
Chance music also known as Aleatoric music refers to a style which the piece
always sounds differently at every performance because of the random techniques of
production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become a
part of the music. Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural

14
and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water,
or a ringing phone.

An example of Chance music is John Cage’s Four Minutes and Thirty-Three

Seconds (4’33") where the pianist merely opens the piano lid and keeps silent for the
duration of the piece. The audience hears a variety of noises inside and outside the
concert hall amidst the seeming silence.

JOHN CAGE (1912–1992)

John Cage was known as one of the 20th century
composers with the broadest array of sounds in his works. He
was born in Los Angeles, California, USA on September 5, 1912
and became one of the most original composers in the history
of western music.

Image from classical- He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating

musical instruments in order to attain new sounds. He
scene.com in Sunico, et.al,
2015 , p.30.
experimented with what came to be known as “chance music.”
In one instance, Cage created a “prepared” piano, where screws and pieces of
wood or paper were inserted between the piano strings to produce different
percussive possibilities.

He became notable for his work The Four Minutes and 33 Seconds (4’33"), a
chance musical work that instructed the pianist to merely open the piano lid and
remain silent for the length of time indicated by the title.

What I Can Do

The popularity of televisions started during the 20th Century. TV shows

became a huge part in the lives of the people and music played a vital role in its
flourishment. Water Walk by John Cage was one of the compositions used in TV
shows. Watch a video clip #1 (Water Walk) at https://youtu.be/gXOIkT1-QWY
After watching, answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of paper:
• What characteristics of Chance music can be deduced from the video
clip?
• Aside from the objects used in the video, what other objects can you
use to create sounds which are similar to the piece?

What’s More
Directions. In each item, encircle the word that doesn’t belong to the
20th Century Music and identify the classification of the remaining
15
 words. (You are given1 point for the encircled word and 1 point for the
classification.)

EXAMPLE Piano Guitar Violin BOOK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

1. 4’33” Prepared Piano Zen Buddhism Study II _______________

2. Gruppen Kontakte Stratospheric Study II _______________
3. Varèse Debussy Stockhausen Glass _______________
4. Germany France USA India _______________
5. Harpsichord Mp3 Player Mobile Phones Mp4 _______________
What I Have Learned

The new musical styles created by 20th century classical composers were truly
distinct and innovative. They experimented with the elements of rhythm, melody,
harmony, tempo, and timbre in daring ways that were never attempted
before. Some even used electronic devices such as synthesizers, tape
recorders, amplifiers, and the like to introduce and enhance sounds
created by traditional instruments.
What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 1 - Perform an experiment creating 20th Century Music System. Choose

one from the activities below.

1. Chance Music – Ask 3 family members to join you in this activity and do the
following:
a. Prepare a dice or draw lots with 6 numbers.
b. Roll the dice 4 times or draw a number 4 times and record the numbers
that will appear. Out of these numbers, prepare a rhythmic pattern in each
number.
c. From the rhythmic pattern, randomly choose any materials available in
your house like plastic bottle, books, paper, pen, etc.
d. Assign a number to every material. Organize all the materials with
corresponding rhythmic pattern.
e. Record your performance in your cellphone.

16
2. Electronic Music – Create a short electronic music piece using your knowledge of
20th century musical styles. Save in mp3 format with the file name in this manner:
(ELECTRONIC MUSIC) (YOUR COMPLETE NAME). Example: ELECTRONIC
MUSIC JUAN DELA CRUZ.

Below is the rubric to be used in evaluating your performance.

CRITERIA Very Good Good Fair Poor

(4) (3) (2) (1)

Instructions All of the Majority of the Some of the None of the

instructions were instructions were instructions were instructions
followed. followed. followed. were followed.
Performance Performs with Performs with Performs with Performs with
great amount of adequate energy, some energy, little energy,
energy, focus, focus, intensity focus, intensity focus, intensity
intensity and and confidence and confidence and confidence
conviction
The performance The performance The performance The
is very clear and is generally clear is fairly executed performance is
Style/
perfectly and well with some not clear and
Interpretation
executed. executed. inconsistencies. not well
executed.
Improvisation Creates a highly Creates an Creates an Lacks
effective and effective acceptable improvisation
innovative improvisation improvisation
improvisation

17
 Assessment

I. Multiple Choice. Identify what is being described in the following statements.

Encircle the correct answer.

1. He is one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th

century.
a. Ravel
b. Debussy
c. Beethoven
d. Schoenberg

2. He changed the course of musical development by dissolving traditional rules

and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm,
form, texture, and color.
a. Ravel
b. Debussy
c. Beethoven
d. Schoenberg

3. He was an Austrian-born American composer and a music theorist.

a. Schoenberg
b. Stravinsky
c. Debussy
d. Bartok

4. His skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond

anything composed by his Russian predecessors.
a. Schoenberg
b. Stravinsky
c. Debussy
d. Bartok
5. He was acknowledged for establishing the twelve-tone system.
a. Schoenberg
b. Stravinsky
c. Debussy
d. Bartok

6. His works were met with extreme reactions, either strong hostility from the
general public or enthusiastic acclaim from his supporters.
18
 a. Schoenberg
b. Stravinsky
c. Debussy
d. Bartok

7. It is a music that uses the tape recorder.

a. Musique Concrete
b. Cassette Disk
c. Magnetic Tape
d. Cassette Deck

8. He is an “innovative French-born composer.”

a. Edgard Varèse
b. Karlheinz Stockhausen
c. John Cage
d. Mario Davidovsky

9. He is a central figure in the realm of electronic music.

a. Edgard Varèse
b. Karlheinz Stockhausen
c. John Cage
d. Mario Davidovsky

10. His music was initially met with resistance due to its heavy atonal content
with no clear melodic or rhythmic sense.
a. Edgard Varèse
b. Karlheinz Stockhausen
c. John Cage
d. Mario Davidovsky

II. Essay. Below are statements about 20th Century Music. Choose one from the
following statements and express your ideas about it.
• Music during the 20th Century became readily available to the masses
because of technology.
• Musical styles that were prohibited during the earlier times became
accepted in the 20th Century.
• 20th Century is an era of varied musical styles.
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Answer Key
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Holistic Rubric for the Essay (5 points)
5 points – The main idea is well-focused and properly developed by relevant,
accurate and substantial evidence.
4 points – The main idea is clearly presented with relevant and accurate
supporting evidences.
3 points – The main idea is understandable but with minimal supporting
evidences
2 points – The main idea is present but not well expressed with slightly
inconsistent evidences
1 point – There is no clear main idea which the essay revolves on and the
supporting ideas are inconsistent.

References
Sunico, Raul M., Evelyn F. Cabanban, & Melissa Y. Moran. Grade 10 Learner’s
Material. HORIZONS Music and Arts Appreciation for Young Filipinos.
Philippines: Tawid Publications, 2015.

CHANNEL YOUTUBE. “CLAUDE DEBUSSY: CLAIRE DE LUNE.” YouTube video,

5:02. Oct. 7, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvFH_6DNRCY

Dezvezes Dez Heteronimus. “Stockhausen Studie II.” YouTube video, Jan.2, 2013.
3:05. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qi4hgT_d0o&t=5s

Ethereal, Queen. “【Piano】 Bolero ボレロ（ラヴェル Ravel).” YouTube video, 5:16.

Nov.1, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5V31O8ll14

medici.tv. “Stravinsky Petrushka - Yuja Wang.” YouTube video, 2:41. Aug.5, 2009.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJRfImhtjq4

Nave for Eva. “John Cage "Water Walk".” YouTube video, 3:58. Oct.3, 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXOIkT1-QWY

Robert Craft - Topic. “Poème Électronique.” YouTube video, 8:04. Feb.14, 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEkjC76oSNk

VladekMeyer83. “Schoenberg - Three Piano Pieces, No. 1 (with sheet music).”

YouTube video, 4:11. Jan.15, 2009.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrjg3jzP2uI

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