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INTRODUCTION
An antecedent is described as a precursor to the unfolding of life. Historical
backgrounds in science and technology are therefore influences which paved for
advanced and sophisticated advancements in science and technology that are
present today. The development of science during ancient , middle ages and
modern ages will provide more information on changes that led to the
development of science and technology.
COURSE OUTCOMES
After the completion of the lesson on Historical Antecedent on the development
of Science and Technology , the students should be able to:
discuss the events that took place during the ancient, middle and modern
ages that led changed to the course of science and technology
recognize the works of several scientists in the development of science and
technology.
COURSE MATERIALS
IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT, MIDDLE AND MODERN AGES
ANCIENT TIME – ancient history covers the period 3000BC -AD 500.
MIDDLE AGES – began around 476 A.D may span roughly 1,000 years ending
between 1400 and 1450.
MODERN AGES – It is also referred to as Modernity, is the post Medieval area,
beginning 1500 to present, wide span of time marked in part by technological
innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries and globalization.
The first Inklings of Science (From Ancient Times to 606 B.C)
EGYPTIANS
*Egyptians medicine was trial and error
Egyptians doctors learned that if you covered an open wound with moldy
bread, the wound heal quickly and clearly
Modern science tells us that certain bread molds produce penicillin, a
chemical that kills germs that infect germs.
Egyptian doctors gave a seeds of poppy to relieve the patient’s pain
The study showed that Poppy seeds contain both morphine and codeine
which are excellent pain-relieving drugs and are used today/
Egyptians medicine became the most respected form of medicine
Papyrus – an ancient form of paper , made from a plant of the same name
As early as 3.000BC , Egyptian formed of paper named as Papyrus.
Papyrus is a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus palnt ,
the Cyperus papyrus . Papyrus can also refer to a document written on
sheets of papyrus joined together side by side and rolled into a scroll an
early form of book.
The invention of the ancient form of paper revolutionized the way
information was transmitted from person to generation easily done
compared to clay tablets or smooth rocks been used by Egyptians,
Sumerians and other races/.
Other cultures
- Mesopotamians were making pottery using the first known potter’s wheel
Horse drawn chariots were being used.
Anaximander was interested in the study of life. He was the first scientist
who concluded that all life began in the sea and some sort of a fish. His
idea was later resurrected by other scientists , most notably Charles
Darwin and is today called evolution,
The Roman Empire had a great deal of influence throughout the world.
Rome disliked science much, did not mind inventions especially those that
made work productive, but a little use for the explaining the world around
us. As a result the real science was actively discouraged at most part of the
world.
ROBERT GROSSETTESTE
He was a bishop in the Roman Catholic in the early 1200s A.D
He proposed the idea that the secrets of the natural world could be leared
by discovering the laws that God had set in motion.
He wanted to explain why things happened the way they did.
HE WAS THE FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD , because he was the first to
thoroughly use and explain
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Copernicus believed Ptolemy’s view of the universe was wrong
Copernicus placed the sun at the center of everything and assumed
that the planets (including the Earth) traveled around the sun. This
views was called the heliocentric system or Copernican System in honor
of Copernicus. The Heliocentric model is posted below.
ANDREAS VESALIUS
He published a Book on 1543, the book contains the detailed part of the
Human Body, The organs were clearly illustrated especially the muscles
and bones. This book led to knowing how the medicine s taught.
BLAIZE PASCAL
Newton wrote most of his revolutionary work in three volume – The Principia
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
His works on classification marked the beginning of the
Enlightenment .because it revolutionized the study of living things.
The basic classification scheme proposed by Linnaeus is still used today
the scientific name consists of genus and species
Carolus Linnaeus = Father of Modern Classification “The Binomial System -The
Scientific Name: genus and species
Man scientific name : Homo sapiens Homo is the genus, sapiens wise
ANTOINE LAVOISER
The father of modern chemistry , he was the instrument of renaming
oxygen , the gas which combine with fuel to form combustion
He was the first to analyze chemical reactions in a systematic way, and
he was the first to realize that matter cannot be destroyed or created,
can be transformed to another form. This is known as the Law of Mass
Conservation .
He was also the first to properly explain combustion which is the
process burning,.
Antoine Lavoisier Father of Modern Chemistry
LOUIS PASTEUR
He destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation
He made great advances in the study of bacteria and the likr
He demonstrated experimentally that fermented beverages resulted
from the action of living yeast ( transforming glucose into ethanol
He concluded that fermentation is vital process, he defined it as
respiration without air (Anaerobic respiration,)
In his discovery of microbes were responsible for souring alcohol ,came
up the process of pasteurization where bacteria are destroyed by
heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in germ
theory also led him and his team created vaccination on anthrax
His experiment on Pasteurization contributed to the improvement of
science.
He developed process of Pasteurization , the process of fermentation in
GREGOR MENDEL
He was a Augustinian monk. Father of Genetics
He devotedly develop much of his life in the study of reproduction.
The entire field of modern genetics which studies how leads are passed
on from parents to offspring is based on his work.
Gregor Mendel -Father of Heredity
MICHAEL FARADAY
It in this period in History in which science developed a much better
understanding of electricity and magnetism
Faraday’s experiments and ideas about electricity earned him the title of
The electrical giant
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
He is known as the founder of modern Physics , he contributed on the
development of the mathematical equations that showed Faraday was
right that electricity and magnetism are both different aspects of the
same phenomenon now called electromagnetism.
JAMES JOULE
He determined that like matter, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
It can only change forms,.
This now known as Law of Thermodynamics , the guiding principle in the
study of energy,
THE MODERN SCIENCE ( 1900 A.D. TO THE PRESENT)
MAX PLANCK
He proposed an idea that matter exists in tiny packets called atoms,
energy exists in tiny packets which he called as quanta.
You can give one packet of energy to an object, or you can give two
packets of energy to an object . However you cannot give an object any
amount of energy in between one and two packets.
With his lot of evidence for his ideas, this led to the acceptance of the
scientific community the QUANTUM MECHANICS
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Einstein used Plank’s idea of energy quanta to explain a problem called
the photoelectric effect could not be explained by Newton’s laws of
motion but could be easily explained by Planck ideas about the energy
quanta.
NEIL BOHR
Bohr developed the Bohr Model . This model of the atom is based on
solid mathematics and it required the assumption that energy comes on
small packets
Using the Bohr model many of the mysteries of the atom were revealed
OTHER SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES
1907 : Radiometric dating discoveries that the earth is 2.2 billion years
Activity:
From your analytical point of view, what do you consider the three best
inventions/research/study, during the ages of ancient , middle and modern,
that changed science and technology ? cite situations, rank them accordingly
a. Ancient
b. Middle ages
c. Modern ages
Source :
Science Technology and Society by 37Tita Cruz, Michelle Reyes pages 37-39
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